【渾水一片:還原香港海界爭議發展史】 (上篇) #都市化洋謀 #9月專研
過往在香港討論有關海洋邊界爭議,往往是香港以南的南海主權問題。事實上近年的焚船污染、明日大嶼、12人越洋、走私不斷等當下議題,都與海洋空間規劃、定界及海權問題有關,而香港早年殖民期的海界及海權作為各種海洋亂象之源,卻少有人深入探討。
翻查一系列關於香港水域爭議的英國解密檔案,整理過往殖民地時期有關香港「含糊」水域爭議的發展史,揭示牽涉複雜的海洋邊界政治,除了作為當時中英政治角力的前緣,亦有助我們了解現時香港水域範圍的歷史脈絡及源起。
一條海界 兩個表述
殖民地時期早年,香港的水域範圍一直未有公開確實的版本,亦引伸出有兩種不同的界線表述。
於20世紀初,根據《展拓香港界址專條》的香港地圖顯示,香港水域呈「方型」界線(square boundary )。根據一份關於新界邊界及現況的英國解密檔案(1962 CO 1030/1334 Status and boundaries of Hong Kong New Territories),當時中方海關經常巡邏於以大嶼山以西大澳水域一帶(方型界線以外),似乎更視其為中方水域。然而,早在1901年英方已有向港督提及,按照國際上的海洋慣例,一般領海 (normal territorial waters)寬度應為3海里 (three nautical miles),因而,香港領海界線應呈現為「彎曲型」(sinuous),比起「方形」範圍雖然多了大嶼山以西水域,同時卻損失了東南方一大片水域,作為最早期的香港水域範圍的兩個表述。
後續1911年修訂《釋義條例》(Interpretation Ordinance) 時,由於港督的錯誤公告字眼(wording of an incorrect Proclamation),令到香港水域繼續被闡釋為方型。
而這個錯誤的公告去到1950年被修訂。英方於1950年重新檢視與領海相關的條例,表示若沿用1937年英方對於《釋義條例》的闡釋,地圖所顯示的「方形」界線,只是英方租用中方領土的一條分界線(merely a line of delimitation of the area within which all territory was leased) ,並不是租用香港3海里以外的水域範圍(this did not mean that there was a purported lease of any waters outside normal territorial waters),可見,內部確立「彎曲型」的領海範圍。
參考一份1950年關於香港水域的英國解密檔案 (1950 CO 537 6036 Territorial water) 中的英方外交部內閣大臣Jim Griffiths跟港督的電報來往中顯示,因當時中日關係惡劣,為了保持當時英方中立 (neutral) 的立場。英方亦想盡量避免中日雙方於香港水域範圍發生衝突 (Jørgensen N. H. B., 2019),早於1937年至1939年,英方曾經指示香港水域要跟隨國際慣例,將領海寬度收窄至3海里。無獨有偶,1950年修訂《釋義條例》,已有英方法律意見表示當時擔心如果國、共兩軍在新海界(彎曲型)及舊海界(方型)之間的位置發生衝突,將會造成英方外交上尷尬,要盡快修例避免尷尬事件。可見,英方變動水域邊界時明顯有其政治考量。
即使已修例,1952年當時國際法庭 (International Court of Justice) 有關英挪漁業案(Anglo Norwegian Fisheries case)的判決 (Jørgensen N. H. B., 2019),提及使用哪種基線方式來劃定領海的爭議,促使香港律政司重提「方型」領海是否合法地代表香港水域,但建議被英方否決。其後在1958年,即使英國外交部再次表示「方型」範圍只是表示港英領土的一條分界線 (all land within the line thus shown is Hong Kong territory),但同時亦保留方型界線,聲稱為免影響航空航線。
早年香港水域邊界一直未被確實,即使在法律層面上,英方內部確立「彎曲型」領海範圍的合法性。然而,其後英方一直未有公開與中國共產黨政權講述其水域範圍,或擔心會侵犯中國領海主權。可見,香港水域一直受到變動中的海緣政治影響,經常遊走在當時國際上認可海洋慣例(彎曲型)與中英簽訂的《展拓香港界址專條》(方型)之間。
中方圍堵香港水域的預言?
水域範圍、基線劃定的方法及國際航海權一直是國際外交上一個十分敏感的議題。香港作為英國殖民地,卻緊貼住中國的領海範圍,除了香港水域定界,船隻來往香港的航道亦一直是英方十分頭痛的問題,稍有不慎,就會有被冠上侵犯中國海權的「辱華」罪名。
中方於1958年第一次聯合國海洋法公約(United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea),已經單方面將其領海範圍擴展至12海哩,英國宗主國當時內部表明會反對中方單方面的領海宣稱,擔心會發生圍堵香港水域的情況。
根據新界邊界及現況的英國解密檔案(1962 CO 1030/1334 Status and boundaries of Hong Kong New Territories)中的電報來往,當時港英內部評估,認為中方擴展領海將對香港造成「海陸空」影響,除了會收窄飛機的航道、需要重新佈線電纜和無線電纜、亦會限制海軍的演練空間,大大影響香港的船隻來往,來往公海的航道走廊更會收窄到1海里(corridor of international waters could be reduced to about one mile),形容「接近完全圍封香港」 (almost completely envelope Hong Kong)。
隨著國際共識的改變,在1972年第三次聯合國海洋法會議前夕,英方亦打算將國土領海範圍的3海里擴展至12海里。翻查另一份1972年關於香港水域爭議的英國解密檔案 (1972 FCO 21 1024 Territorial waters dispute between China and Hong Kong),當時英方內部考慮這次擴展海界,應否包括香港殖民地,並計劃在香港附近水域進行海道測量 (Hydrographic survey),明顯想放風測試中方反應。
然而,根據英國外交部及港英的內部電報來往,英方雖然一度打算在翌年與中方在第三次聯合國海洋法會議上提及香港殖民地水域擴展,但英方內部亦指出中方定會反對香港的水域擴展至12海里,除了因為香港擴展會跟中國水域重疊,中國亦一直視香港為固有領土,不可視香港為獨立的行政個體 (separate entity),應該維持現狀,限制今次香港擴海界。
呼應早期50年代有關中方圍堵香港水域的擔憂,英方擔心如果掀起討論,更有可能令香港航道問題惡化 (a risk that any such discussion would vitiate the present adequate though limited freedom of passage)。按英國外交部理解,中方只不過默許船隻在不進入擔桿列島5海哩範圍的前提下進入香港;如果中國「執正嚟做」嚴格實踐其12海里的主權宣稱,則連博寮海峽都不能通行 (a 12 mile limit strictly adhered to in this area would make normal surface access to Hong Kong through the Lemma Channel impossible)。最後,英方外交部為免觸動到中方神經,加上「信唔過」中方 (their good will… cannot be relied on a year ahead),建議的對策卻是避免「打草驚蛇」(let sleeping dogs lie),絕口不提香港擴海界。
直到1987年,英國正式將水域擴展到12海哩,但香港並沒有納入被擴展的範圍。在香港前途談判過程中,亦未有正式提及香港水域擴展12海里一事(Jørgensen N. H. B., 2019)。可見,面對中方進取的領海主權宣稱,英方在香港水域邊界問題上,尤其顯得無力。
香港「渾水」邊界的潛規則
面對中國擴海界後將會圍堵香港的擔憂,根據一份有關香港水域及其爭議的英國解密檔案(1968 FCO 21 547 Dispute with China about territorial waters),當中牽涉中英雙方就香港海界爭議鮮為人知的權宜之計(modus vivendi)。
事緣1968年一艘美國貨船於萬山群島近珠江口一帶(Lema Channel in the estuary of the Pearl River)被中方海軍的警告已入侵中方水域,檔案中有一份美國國務院情報與研究局官員Thoms L. Hughes事後對中國共產黨於香港鄰近水域的主權宣稱(Communist assertions of sovereignty over waters in the vicinity of Hong Kong)進行一份內部評估報告,提到中方不時會「放生」來往香港的商船。
於50年代初,船隻可以經萬山群島近珠江口一帶接近香港水域,可謂當時的潛規則(local ground rule)。然而,在中方宣稱12海里領海後,於1959年曾發出達20次警告,外國商船透過萬山群島近珠江口一帶接近香港期間入侵中方水域,並禁止一切外國船隻通往萬山群島近珠江口一帶,評估報告中亦提及多次美國商船及軍艦通往香港遇上中國海軍的事件。
然而,中方不但少有採取實際軍事行動,多是「口頭」表示抗議及警告外國船隻侵犯中國水域,更沒有對外公開批評數次入侵事件。就以上例子,美方評估中國當時並不是新的「強硬路線」宣示領海主權(new harder line from Peking),只是由於過多船隻進入萬山群島內沿而作出的回應(is a reaction to an increasing number of passages through the interior Lema Channel)[萬山群島內沿被中國視為內海]。
而當時美方估計中方「放生」的動機,很可能取決於政經考量,其一為不想失去香港作為(kill the goose)來往外國商船主要來往中國的航道,以及香港為中國帶來的外匯,而另一原因則是避免發生中國海軍與美國軍艦於海上起衝突。
此外,除了英方一直未有公佈香港水域邊界,中方一直並未有公開宣稱香港以西南的珠江通道12海里的精準劃界(public silence regarding the exact limits of its claim)。中英雙方基於政治考量,對於香港水域劃界及航道,更被美方稱靈活的實用主義(flexible pragmatism)。
而美方認為英方亦知悉船隻來往香港的「後路」,根據一份英方未被公開的非正式文件( informal note)顯示,除了船隻背後的註冊國家將成為影響進入香港的政治因素,英方更提及最合適的接近香港水域的航道,是經萬山群島以南以及擔桿頭島五海里以外(keep to the south of the Lima Group and five miles or more off Tam kan Head),港英政府早於五十年代,已廣傳這份文件到商船公司及中方,有共識地默許外國船隻經香港東南方水域,作為當時來往香港的「後路」。
可見,比起香港陸上的邊界,早期香港水域由定界、擴界到圍堵,可謂「渾水一片」。而當中牽涉複雜的海緣政治,亦顯示香港水域並非一條確確實實的邊界範圍,反而是中英雙方的妥協空間。而後來香港水域邊界將如何落實為現時版本?當中牽涉多少談判?而所引伸的一系列有關領海執法權以至政府管轄權的問題,將揭示香港水域日後跨境執法以至逃犯移交的爭議。(下集待續)
參考資料
Jørgensen, N. H. B. (2019). The (Unequal) Relationship between Hong Kong’s Waters and China’s Baselines. Asia-Pacific Journal of Ocean Law and Policy, 4(1), 1–27.
1950 CO 537/6036 Territorial water
1962 CO 1030/1334 Status and boundaries of Hong Kong New Territories
1968 FCO 21/547 Dispute with China about territorial waters
1972 FCO 21/1024 Territorial waters dispute between China and Hong Kong
1974 FCO 18/154 Hong Kong territorial waters
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同時也有9部Youtube影片,追蹤數超過2萬的網紅Jonathan Wong 王梓軒,也在其Youtube影片中提到,As a kid growing up in the 90’s, I honestly felt like this summer was made for me? Instead of singing #LionKing #Aladdin and #ToyStory to myself, I de...
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miles ahead 在 海洋首都中的航海家 Facebook 的最讚貼文
長賜輪在蘇伊士運河擱淺後,綜合外電報導的省思:極限邊緣的船舶操縱,科學與安全之間給”人的反應”留下多少”餘裕空間?
航行員都知道:在有限水域中的船舶操縱與大洋中的船舶操縱有極大的差別,也因此而產生一些”異常反應”的專有名詞,譬如:淺水效應,岸吸/岸推,船體下坐(Squat),狗頭嗅地(Dog smelling),單俥右旋船在淺水區倒俥時之船頭可能向左,主要的原因都是來自船舶四周的海水,來不及湧入去填補船艉所造成之空穴.
也因為這個緣故,Suez Canal當局對過河船隻有一些船寬,吃水,速度上的限制.基於經濟上的考慮,可以想像這些限制都是在”水工模型”下最大化的尺度界線.(越大的船過河費越貴),然而這些都是理想環境下的科學論證,實際上船舶操縱者的精神狀態,駕駛台的氣氛環境,外界視線,無線電之干擾,Marlboro菸未如預期,住艙走廊上”波斯市場”的氛圍….都在影響著”駕駛台資源管理(BRM)”,而使得船舶之實際Performance遊走在”紅線”邊緣,更糟的是一但越過紅線(Point of non-return),情況就越來越糟,猶如在山脊上騎腳踏車.
這次的重大意外,在檢討”船舶因素”之外,蘇伊士運河當局也應該重新考慮”紅線邊緣的緩衝區”是否應適度放寬,以因應船舶無止境的大型化,因應極端氣候下的異常天氣,因應新世代船員之特性,另外也可考慮在駕駛台放一箱Marlboro,讓有需要的人看自己包包大小量力自取,畢竟比起全球供應鏈上的損失,這都是微不足道的”潤滑油”.不是嗎?
The Suez Canal Authority occasionally brings out updated tables of width and acceptable draft for ships. Currently the permissible limits for suezmax ships are 20.1 m (66 ft) of draught with the beam no wider than 50 m (164.0 ft), or 12.2 m (40 ft) of draught with maximum allowed beam of 77.5 m (254 ft). Due to their design and size, a large number of ports around the world can accommodate suezmax vessels.
17,65 56,96
, a new set is being built for vessels as large as 366 meters in length, 49 meters in beam and 15.2 meters in draft at tropical frvessel.
That would have surpassed the speed limit of about 7.6 knots (8.7 miles an hour) to 8.6 knots that is listed as the maximum speed vessels are “allowed to transit” through the canal, according to the Suez authority’s rules of navigation handbook posted on its website. Captains interviewed for this story said it can pay to increase the speed in the face of a strong wind to maneuver the ship better.
“Speeding up to a certain point is effective,” said Chris Gillard, who was captain of a 300-meter container ship that crossed the Suez monthly for nearly a decade until 2019. “More than that and it becomes counter effective because the bow will get sucked down deep into the water. Then, adding too much power does nothing but exacerbate the problem.”
“You might find yourself positioning the ship in one direction, and you’re actually moving in another direction,” said Kinsey. “There’s a very fine line between having enough speed to maneuver and not having too much speed that the air and hydrodynamics become unstable. Any deviation can get real bad real quick because it’s so tight.”
The accident will be a missed opportunity if the industry doesn’t adapt, he said. “There will be vessels larger than this one that will be going through the Suez,” he said. “The next incident will be worse.”
• The Ever Given's speed was 13.5 knots before it ran aground, The Japan Times reported.
•
• Bloomberg reported the Suez Canal speed limit was between 7.6 knots and 8.6 knots.
The Ever Given didn't have a tugboat escort through the canal, according to Bloomberg. The two ships immediately ahead of it reportedly had escorts, although such escorts were not required.
miles ahead 在 Charlotte In White 林偉欣 Facebook 的最佳貼文
Recently I’ve been thinking a lot about possibilities. 🔮 Over the past year, even though things might not be going as what we’ve planned, indeed this is the time for us to stay present, and be open to any new changes and opportunities. For me, I’ve always wanted to spend time reading, learning about new things… And these quiet periods actually allow me to do so : )
Still remember the chair & glass making workshop that I attended few days ago? I am so happy that they have now become my new “studymate”, the chair as my little “study-table” now and the glass mug becomes my favourite vase for beautiful flowers. They have surely helped raising the vibe in my apartment 🏡
Things might get (really) hard sometimes, but remember… We always have the choice to change our attitude. And I’m grateful that @asiamiles always looking after my well-being and helps me with achieving new goals and aspirations. ✨ With miles, there could be so many possibilities - so no matter what may happen next, I’m excited for all the possibilities that lie ahead.
————————————
A Year Full of Possibilities
Asia Miles x @charlotteinwhite
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#AsiaMiles #LifeRewarded #yearofpossibilities #liferewarded #MilesofPossibilities
miles ahead 在 Jonathan Wong 王梓軒 Youtube 的最佳貼文
As a kid growing up in the 90’s, I honestly felt like this summer was made for me?
Instead of singing #LionKing #Aladdin and #ToyStory to myself, I decided to put a little something together to share the joy! 36 vocal tracks, a tribute rap and hours of arranging later, I present to you, my geeked out “Disney Mega Medley”??
呢個暑期簡直好似為我而設,細細個睇啲經典Disney故事返晒來!回憶啊!!日日自己哼不如做個medley出來開心share?送上小弟重新編曲+一人分飾36把和聲+自創Rap串起我最鐘意嘅金曲!
留言話我知你又最鍾意邊首迪士尼插曲呀
#王梓軒 #36把聲 # Acappella #King歌之王
#Disney #迪士尼 #經典 #金曲
#阿拉丁 #獅子王 #反斗奇兵
#Aladdin #TheLionKing #ToyStory
All vocals and instruments arranged and performed by Jonathan Wong
Mixed by Sean M. Sinclair
Director / Editor: Chan Kwok Wai Eric
Lyrics animation: Wong Cheuk Kit
Graphics: Mitch@71db
Lyrics:
Circle of Life
nants’ ingonyama bakithi babo
sithi hu ‘ ngonyama (‘ngonyama)
(ngonyama nengwebo)
nants’ ingonya mabakithi babo
sithi hu ‘ ngonyama
(ngonyama ngonyama nengwebo)
ingonyama nengwe namabala
ingonyama nengwe namabala
ingonyama nengwe namabala
Can you feel the…
Can You Feel The Love Tonight
There's a calm surrender
And it sees me through
It's enough for this restless warrior
Just to be with you
And can you feel the love tonight?
It is where we are
It's enough for this wide-eyed wanderer
That we've got this far
And can you feel the love tonight? (Tonight)
How it's laid to rest?
It's enough to make kings and vagabonds
Believe the very best
Rap
You ain’t never had a friend like me
said the genie from the lamp, call him big Willy
You know you always gotta friend in me
said the pig to the potato then to Buzz and Woody
Mufasa, then down to Simba
passing on that knowledge sing Hakuna Matata
Coming from the 90’s, though I was a baby
every story etched inside the warmest of my memories
You might say “dude these are just cartoons, how much could they change you?
Disney just bringing ‘em back cuz they about to finesse you.
Same old characters, with some new actors messing with the classics trying to bank on nostalgia”
Lemme tell you something this much I know
some feelings never change even as we grow old
a whole new generation deserves to learn these lessons
one day they’ll show us a whole new world like Aladdin
A Whole New World
I can show you the world
Shining, shimmering splendid
Over sideways and under
On a magic carpet ride
A whole new world
A new fantastic point of view
No one to tell us no
Or where to go
Or say we're only dreaming
A whole new world
A dazzling place I never knew
But when I'm way up here
It's crystal clear
That now I'm in a whole new world with you
You’ve Got a Friend in Me
You've got a friend in me
You've got a friend in me
When the road looks rough ahead
And you're miles and miles
From your nice warm bed
Just remember what your old pal said
Boy, you've got a friend in me
You've got a friend in me
You've got a friend in me
You've got a friend in me
You've got troubles, well I've got 'em too
There isn't anything I wouldn't do for you
We stick together and we see it through
You've got a friend in me
You've got a friend in me
Circle of Life (Walt Disney)
Composer: Elton John
Lyricist: Tim Rice
Original MV:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GibiNy4d4gc
Can You Feel the Love Tonight (Walt Disney)
Composer: Elton John
Lyricist: Tim Rice
Original MV:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=25QyCxVkXwQ
Disney Rap-Up
Composer: Jonathan Wong
Lyricist: Jonathan Wong
A Whole New World (Walt Disney)
Composer: Alan Menken
Lyricist: Tim Rice
Original MV:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eitDnP0_83k
You’ve Got A Friend In Me
Composer: Randy Newman
Lyricist: Randy Newman
Original MV:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DNZUKm0ApEM
♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬
點閱以下連結欣賞其他王梓軒作品:
《安全著陸 》Official MV (十週年版本): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fXazAq7y4mg
《邊緣引力》Official MV : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BbTwTOm2q5Y
《夜曲17章》Official MV : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oSLKCqtwwbg
《心足》Official MV : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BdgdihMhj6o
《碰不上會更美》Official MV : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BA4PhfrNI1Y
《你最好》All Of You Official MV : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BA4PhfrNI1Y
《玩具也流淚 Toy Story》音樂錄像 Official MV : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jAtD07deOpA
《跳火坑》Double Down Official MV : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jAtD07deOpA
《平常心》Official MV : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ju7p029z24w
「千色」Fighting For 音樂電影主題曲 Music Movie Theme Song : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ABpG1gOMxfA
♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬♬
▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼其他平台上尋找王梓軒▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼
►OFFICIAL 官方網站 : http://www.jon-wong.com
►FACEBOOK : https://www.facebook.com/jonathanwongcheehynn/
►WEIBO 微博 : http://t.sina.com.cn/jonwongzixuan
►INSTAGRAM : http://www.instagram.com/jwomusic
►YouTube Channel : https://www.youtube.com/user/jonwongcheehynn/
miles ahead 在 Culture Trip Youtube 的精選貼文
The age-old debate of which coast is the best has been going on longer than most of us can probably remember, so let’s have a look at what unmissable experiences the USA’s West Coast has to offer.
California’s Sonoma Valley is only about an hour’s drive from San Francisco and is famous for its beautiful wineries. Explore the amazing wineries in a vintage volkswagen and taste some of the fantastic local varieties. For more things to do in Sonoma County, visit https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/articles/the-top-10-things-to-see-and-do-in-sonoma-california/
Opal Creek in Oregon is the perfect place for an adventure. Slide down the 20ft high rock formation into natural waters formed by the Santiam river. Hike up three miles for a well- deserved refreshing dip in these amazing waters. Check out what other reasons there are to pay Oregon a visit here: https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/oregon/articles/6-reasons-why-you-need-to-visit-oregon/
You can stay in a cozy pinecone-shaped treehouse in Bonny Doon woods just outside San Francisco in California. Wind down listening to the sounds of the forest all around you. For more inspiration on what to see and do in California head to https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/california/san-francisco/things-to-do/
If you’re a fan of craft beer and beautiful wilderness, this is the perfect way to explore Colorado. The Durango Brew train takes you alongside the Animus river while you indulge in local crafted beer. It only runs once or twice a year, so plan ahead if you don’t want to miss out! More information on things to do in Colorado can be found here https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/colorado/articles/20-must-visit-attractions-in-colorado/
Natural hot springs that fill up bathtubs at Mystic Hot Springs in Monroe, Utah make up one of the most beautiful and surreal natural spas you have probably seen. Head to Utah for more adventures: https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/utah/articles/10-exceptional-reasons-to-visit-utah/
Begging for an escape? Need some ‘me’ time after an exhausting few months? Well, guess what? It’s your lucky day, because you can stay in this beautiful Alaskan cabin for absolutely nothing! The beautiful huts are scattered throughout the Chugach and Talkeetna mountains, all at varying altitudes. Find more information on the huts here: https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/alaska/articles/you-can-now-stay-in-these-beautiful-alaskan-cabins-for-free/
Want the thrill of a lifetime? In Las Vegas you can fly your own fighter jet! If that’s too much of an adrenaline rush, check out what else there is to do in this part of Nevada: https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/nevada/articles/things-to-do-and-see-in-nevada/
Discover more about North America and start your wishlist here: https://culturetrip.travel/USA
To get more Culture Trip visit:
https://www.culturetrip.com
https://www.facebook.com/culturetrip
https://www.instagram.com/culturetrip
https://www.twitter.com/culturetrip
https://www.pinterest.co.uk/theculturetrip
- - -
? Credits:
Opal Creek, Oregon
https://www.youtube.com/user/SamuelDavidAdams1
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCT78fmHRV57Mgn3tCyipDTg
https://www.instagram.com/devinolsen/
Durango, Colorado
https://www.youtube.com/user/DurangoTrain
Mystic Hot Springs, Utah
https://mystichotsprings.com/
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVpS445FYrtQJ2LHg4EpDrg
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCDSUFfZ6JLPrBsmZugfSqvQ
https://www.instagram.com/angelboi666/
Alaska
https://www.youtube.com/user/harrimandesign
Las Vegas, Nevada
https://www.youtube.com/user/TabithaLipkin
miles ahead 在 Scoop Viewfinder Youtube 的最佳貼文
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